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Supervised Machine Learning for Columbia River Basalt Group Classification

Supervised Machine Learning for Columbia River Basalt Group Classification

Primary author: Ashley Steiner
Co-author(s): John Wolff

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Pullman

Abstract:

The Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is a large igneous province located in the Pacific Northwest, USA that has a complex stratigraphy of ~210,000 km3 of basalts and basaltic andesites divided into half a dozen formations, more than 40 members and as many as 30 distinct flows distributed among a subset of those members. Many of these members can be distinguished from one another based upon the bulk rock geochemistry as determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
The practice of identifying CRBG lavas based upon XRF-determined geochemistry has been utilized at the Peter Hooper GeoAnalytical Lab for the last ~40 years to great effect. Classification of unknown basalts within the group has historically been performed for academic and commercial uses by painstakingly ‘eyeballing’ bivariate plot after bivariate plot of major and trace data.
In this study, we have compiled our database of labeled CRBG XRF & ICP-MS geochemical analyses and created a preliminary pipeline of supervised machine learning models that use a multiclass logistic regression classifier to classify unknown lavas of the CRBG into formations, members and flows, respectively. The model was developed using the open-source Python module Scikit-learn v0.20.2. The logistic regression classifier utlizes the limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) solver and yielded a 97% accuracy score on a 20% test split of the 3700-sample CRBG geochemical dataset for formation classification. Applying this classification model to geographically seperated but geochemically identical lavas may provide insights into common petrogenetic processes.

Megacrystic, High-Pressure Pyroxenes From Lavas Co-eruptive with the Columbia River Basalt Group of Northeast OR, USA: Evidence of Deep Magmatic Storage

Megacrystic, High-Pressure Pyroxenes From Lavas Co-eruptive with the Columbia River Basalt Group of Northeast OR, USA: Evidence of Deep Magmatic Storage

Primary author: Arron Steiner
Co-author(s): John Wolff; Joe Boro

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Pullman

Abstract:

The Basalts of Magpie Table (BMT) of northeastern Oregon, make up small volume lavas (4 cm) megacrysts of clinopyroxene (cpx) with spinel inclusions. Cpx thermobarometry indicates a two-stage path from the mantle to the surface with >8 wt% Al2O3 cpx grown from a liquid in the mantle at the Moho at ~35 km deep and ~1210-1240°C. The magma with megacrystic cpx then rose to a second magmatic storage chamber at ~ 15 km deep indicated by cpx rim compositions. MELTS models predict olivine to crystallize at ~ 5 kbars and ~ 1100 °C. Olivine diffusion modeling shows two different diffusion times: Type 1 olivines ~ 15 days and Type 2 olivines ~500 days. The differences between Type 1 and Type 2 may be related to a recharge event which triggered the eruption. Type 2 olivines may have been generated before the Type 1 olivines and sat in the magma chamber prior to a recharge which supplied the Type 1 olivines and triggered the eruption.

Giant Steps: Practical exercises and patterns for aspiring electric jazz bassists

Giant Steps: Practical exercises and patterns for aspiring electric jazz bassists

Primary author: Frederick Snider

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Pullman

Abstract:

Giant Steps is an iconic and difficult jazz composition by the great jazz saxophonist John Coltrane. It was released in 1960 on the album with the same name Giant Steps.

Giant Steps is a controversial composition for its difficult cyclic chord progression. Many jazz musicians find Giant Steps extremely difficult, using excuses as to why they do not perform it. Famous jazz musicians, to include the great jazz alto saxophonist Cannonball Adderley, refused to perform Giant Steps, claiming Coltrane’s version sounded like an exercise. The bottom-line is many jazz musicians do not know how to approach it.

There are books written on how to approach Giant Steps and are not bass-friendly. For that reason I have come up with a practical approach on how to study and perform it with ease on the electric bass.

I have formulated exercises and patterns that are broken down measure by measure and chord by chord. If studied correctly, students will achieve technical facility, sounding like Coltrane. The trick is not to push the process, putting the cart before the horse like many musicians do. Jimmy Heath stated, “Trane worked on Giant Steps for 4 years before recording it.”

Besides exercises and patterns, I have created a backing track with varying tempos—slow to very fast. With exercises, patterns and backing tracks, students have all they need to be successful.

I am planning on getting my project published by Jazzbooks.com—Aebersold Jazz.

Rest-Activity Patterns in Adults Receiving Methadone for Medication-Assisted Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder

Rest-Activity Patterns in Adults Receiving Methadone for Medication-Assisted Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder

Primary author: Lillian Skeiky
Co-author(s): Marian Wilson; Matthew Layton; Raymond Quock; Hans Van Dongen; Devon Hansen
Faculty sponsor: Devon A. Hansen, PhD, LMHC

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Spokane

Abstract:
Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) report significant sleep/wake disturbances, which continue even when they stabilize with medication-assisted treatment. However, the nature of reported sleep/wake disturbances has not been well documented. We compared rest/activity patterns observed with a wrist-worn activity monitor, which provides objective estimates of sleep/wake disturbances, to control groups comprised of nurses working day or night shifts.

Seven adults undergoing methadone treatment for OUD wore a wrist activity monitor continuously for 7 days. Hospital nurses – 7 on a day shift schedule and 7 on a night shift schedule (six 12-hour shifts within a two-week period) – also wore a wrist activity monitor continuously for 14 days. The observed rest/activity patterns were analyzed through cosinor analysis to evaluate circadian rhythmicity, and through analysis of the distribution of inactive periods to estimate sleep continuity.

As expected, nurses working day shifts displayed strong circadian rhythmicity and high sleep continuity. Nurses working night shifts showed dampened circadian rhythmicity, but exhibited high sleep continuity. For the OUD methadone treatment group, the strength of circadian rhythmicity was between that of nurses on day versus night shifts, and this group experienced reduced sleep continuity.

These findings suggest disturbed sleep in individuals receiving methadone for medication-assisted treatment of OUD. This may interfere with their ability to achieve OUD recovery goals, and is worthy of investigation in a laboratory setting. This research was partially supported by the State of Washington via the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Program.

Raced, Sexed, and Erased, Jews in Contemporary Visual Entertainment

Raced, Sexed, and Erased, Jews in Contemporary Visual Entertainment

Primary author: Carol Siegel

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Vancouver

Abstract:

My project, “Raced, Sexed, and Erased, Jews in Contemporary Visual Entertainment,” is an intersectional study currently under peer review at Indiana University Press. The book rebuts the claim that Jews are now racially unmarked white people by providing a history of the intertwined racialization and sexualization of Jews through film and television narratives. The chapters are: One, “Sexual Perversity and the Jewish Therapist Figure,” which compares the films Nymphomaniac and A Dangerous Method; Two, “Imaginary Histories of Americanized Jews in Love,” which analyzes the impact of racialization and sexualization on Jewish efforts to assimilate into mainstream American culture in the films Hester Street, Once Upon a Time in America, Casino and Radio Days; Chapter Three, “Sex, Rage, and Revenge,” discusses films about World War II that eroticize Jewish resistance to fascism and focuses on Black Book and Inglourious Basterds; Chapter Four, “Not So Nice Jewish Girls,” compares the television series Transparent and Broad City; Chapter Five, “Holocaust Erasure and Jewish Identity Erasure,” explores the resemblance of the film Call Me By Your Name to the documentaries Crazy Love and Capturing the Friedmans and the fictional film The Last Embrace, all of which avoid any consideration of the Holocaust and its effects on the sexualities of Jews from WWII on; Chapter Six, “Monstrous Jewish Sexualities as Minoritarian Cinema,” responds to the frequently made accusation that the Coen brothers’ films are anti-Semitic by looking at their double-address narrative strategies. The conclusion suggests ways to combat the erasure of Jewish racialization in media.

Hot Rocks: Fractures in Methodological Analysis in the Pacific Northwest

Hot Rocks: Fractures in Methodological Analysis in the Pacific Northwest

Primary author: Kate Shantry
Faculty sponsor: Colin Grier

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Pullman

Abstract:

Heating stones, or hot rocks, are one of the most common artifact types found at archaeological sites. Ancestral people in traditional cultures heated rocks as an essential tool throughout time. This study is intended to help field archaeologists differentiate slow-cooled versus fast-cooled culturally-heated rocks. In the Pacific Northwest, researchers can use this data to consider behavior related to boiling stone technology in tightly coiled baskets and bentwood boxes. This work is designed to create criteria that can be used for identifying boiling stones with low-magnification in the field. My methods use macro and microscopic analyses of experimentally boiled rocks to create criteria to classify certain heated rocks as boiling stones, one of the most common cooking methods used on the Northwest Coast.

Impact of glucose consumption on hibernation phenotype of adipose tissue in brown bears

Impact of glucose consumption on hibernation phenotype of adipose tissue in brown bears

Primary author: Michael Saxton
Faculty sponsor: Joanna Kelley

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Pullman

Abstract:

To survive the cold environments and winter food shortage for which they are adapted, brown bears undergo seasonal shifts from maximizing energy gain and storage in summer and fall, to conserving energy in winter hibernation. During hibernation, bears experience a mild decrease in body temperature but up to a 75% reduction in basal metabolic rate, as well as reduced heart rate, respiration rate, and insulin sensitivity. On arousal from hibernation, the bears return to active season physiology, which includes a reversal of the insulin resistance. Fluctuations in weight and high overall adiposity, like those seen in bears, are contributing factors to cardiovascular disease and diabetes in humans. In this study bears were fed dextrose during hibernation to determine the effect of glucose consumption on hibernation and insulin sensitivity. We collected serum from the bears and evaluated the effect of that serum on gene transcription in bear adipose cells grown in vitro. We found a strong cell by serum interaction, with cells collected in hibernation and grown with pre-dextrose hibernation serum showing a starkly different gene expression profile than those grown with either active season or post-dextrose hibernation serum. Though cells treated with post-dextrose hibernation serum closely matched the expression profile of cells grown with active serum, proteomic analysis of serum showed that post-dextrose serum more closely matched hibernation serum. Therefore one of these limited changes in serum proteins after consumption of dextrose leads to near complete reversal of the hibernation phenotype in brown bear adipose tissue.

Sleep improves when hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) administered before and after methadone dose reduction for adults with opioid use disorder

Sleep improves when hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) administered before and after methadone dose reduction for adults with opioid use disorder

Primary author: Raymond Quock
Co-author(s): Marian Wilson; Lillian Skeiky; Karen Stanek; Tamara Odom-Maryon; Devon Hansen; Matthew Layton

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Pullman

Abstract:

Up to 80% of adults undergoing medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder report reduced sleep quality and quantity [Sharkey et al., Drug Alcohol Depend 113:245-248, 2011]. Earlier we reported that HBOT—100% oxygen at greater-than-atmospheric pressure—reduced signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice [Nicoara et al., Brain Res 1648:434-437, 2016]. To study the effects of HBOT on self-reported and objective measures of sleep in adults with opioid use disorder, 31 participants (11 males, 20 females) were randomized into HBOT (n=17) or control (n=14) arms. HBOT was administered for five consecutive days in 90-min sessions at 2.0 atmospheres absolute in a 12-seat sealed, pressurized chamber. Participants agreed to a 10% reduction in their daily methadone dose or 5 mg, whichever was smaller, on Day 2 after HBOT on Day 1. The PROMIS Sleep Disturbance short form, an assessment of self-reported sleep quality, was the primary sleep measure collected at baseline, and post-HBOT at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. For a sub-sample (n=7) of those in the HBOT arm, objective sleep measures were captured one week pre- and post-HBOT via wrist-worn actigraphy. PROMIS results showed that the mean sleep disturbance for the control group increased over time but decreased for the HBOT group. Actigraphy results from the HBOT group showed a ~30-min increase in total sleep time and a 16-min reduction in sleep onset latency post-HBOT. These findings support the hypothesis that sleep quality and quantity can improve when HBOT is administered before and after opioid dose reduction.

Complementary effects of adaptation and gain control on sound encoding in primary auditory cortex

Complementary effects of adaptation and gain control on sound encoding in primary auditory cortex

Primary author: Jacob Pennington
Co-author(s): Alexander Dimitrov; Stephen David
Faculty sponsor: Alexander Dimitrov

Primary college/unit: Arts and Sciences
Campus: Vancouver

Abstract:

A common model for the function of auditory cortical neurons is the linear-nonlinear spectro-temporal receptive field (LN STRF). However, while the LN model can account for many aspects of auditory coding, it fails to account for long-lasting effects of sensory context on sound-evoked activity. Two models have expanded on the LN STRF to account for these contextual effects, using short-term plasticity (STP) or contrast-dependent gain control (GC). Both models improve performance over the LN model, but they have never been compared directly. Thus, it is unclear whether they account for distinct processes or describe the same phenomenon in different ways. To address this question, we recorded activity of primary auditory cortical neurons in awake ferrets during presentation of natural sound stimuli. We fit models incorporating one nonlinear mechanism (GC or STP) or both (GC+STP) on this single dataset. We compared model performance according to prediction accuracy on a held-out dataset not used for fitting and found that the GC+STP model performed significantly better than either individual model. We also quantified equivalence between the STP and GC models by calculating the partial correlation between their predictions, relative to the LN model. We found only a modest degree of equivalence between them. We observed similar results for a smaller dataset collected in clean and noisy acoustic contexts. Together, the improved performance of the combined model and weak equivalence between STP and GC models suggest that they describe distinct processes. Therefore, models incorporating both mechanisms are necessary to fully describe auditory cortical coding.

Field Recordings of Nez Perce Native Singers, 2019-2020

Field Recordings of Nez Perce Native Singers, 2019-2020

Primary author: Melissa Parkhurst

Primary college/unit: WSU Center for Arts and Humanities; WSU School of Music; NW Public Broadcasting
Campus: Pullman

Abstract:

WSU’s Pullman campus is located on the traditional lands of the Nimiipuu, known also as the Nez Perce. Song has long permeated all aspects of life for the Nez Perce people, giving power, protection, and healing, and transmitting knowledge that solidifies community bonds.

Since the time of contact, the intense pressures of colonialism, missionization, land dispersal, boarding schools, and acculturation have changed and augmented the Nez Perce body of song. New religions (e.g., the Feather Religion and Washat / Seven Drum) emerged on the Plateau. Nez Perce musicians returned home from boarding schools to start jazz combos and swing bands such as The Nez Percians. More recently, Nez Perce youth have spearheaded community and campus powwows, drum groups, and dance competitions.

Since June 2019, our project team has recorded singers at Talmaks, Idaho; Lapwai, Idaho; and here in the recording studio at the WSU School of Music. In spring 2020, we will record culture bearers in Pendleton, Oregon. Singers choose which songs they wish to record, how their recordings will be used, and where the recordings will be archived.

Many of the singers are older and the bodies of songs they know constitute inestimable cultural treasures. The songs contain extensive history, teachings, and traditional knowledge. Young people can hear the voices of their grandparents and know that their culture is alive and thriving today within the Nez Perce Reservation and beyond.